Testicular sperm retrieval

The testicular sperm retrieval procedure is typically performed under local or general anesthesia. Although the level of discomfort experienced during extraction can vary depending on the individual, anaesthetic use makes this procedure well-tolerated for most men.

After the procedure, you may experience some discomfort and swelling in the area. However, this can usually be managed with pain medication and cold packs.

Several techniques can be used to extract sperm, including:

• Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA): A small needle is inserted through the skin of the scrotum and into the epididymis (a small tube where sperm are stored) to collect a sample of fluid that contains sperm.
• Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA): A fine needle is inserted directly into the testis to collect a tissue sample containing sperm.
• Testicular sperm extraction (TESE): A small incision is made in the testicle and a sample of tissue is removed to collect sperm.
• Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (Micro-TESE): A high-powered microscope is used to locate and remove small areas of testicular tissue that are more likely to contain sperm.

Success rates for testicular sperm retrieval vary depending on factors such as the underlying cause of infertility, the expertise of the surgeon and the quality of retrieved sperm. In many cases, enough viable sperm can be retrieved for use in assisted reproductive technologies such as intracytoplasmic injection (ICSI).

After testicular sperm retrieval, the quality and viability of sperm are evaluated in the laboratory. Healthy sperm can then be used for procedures such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) during IVF to fertilise eggs retrieved from the female partner.

Testicular sperm retrieval can be used for fertility preservation in certain situations that may affect fertility, such as before cancer treatment. The retrieved sperm can be frozen (cryopreserved) and stored for future use in assisted reproductive technologies.

Testicular sperm retrieval is primarily used for men with azoospermia (a complete absence of sperm in semen) or severe oligospermia (fewer sperm cells than normal in semen) due to specific conditions affecting sperm production or transport. The procedure may not be suitable for men with certain genetic conditions or those with severe testicular damage.

Recovery time after testicular sperm retrieval is typically minimal, with most men able to resume normal activities within a day or two. However, it is essential to follow the post-operative instructions provided by the surgeon and avoid strenuous activities or heavy lifting for a short period to aid in the healing process.