advanced scientific techniques Archives

The traditional IVF approach is to allow this meeting to take place ‘naturally’, albeit in a laboratory dish: the woman’s egg is placed in a special culture medium with a prepared semen sample containing thousands of sperm. The fittest sperm fertilises the egg, mimicking what would normally happen in the woman’s reproductive tract.

As its name suggests, ICSI is far more precise. Rather than leaving the egg and sperm to meet of their own accord in a laboratory dish, this technique allows us to directly inject a single sperm into a woman’s egg – thereby, overcoming any issues that may be getting in the way of a sperm and an egg meeting and coming together naturally. Here, we consider some of the reasons why ICSI may be considered during IVF and what specific fertility problems it can help overcome.

Who is ICSI suitable for?

When a couple is experiencing difficulties getting pregnant, it can be easy to focus solely on the woman’s fertility. However, a male factor contributes to infertility in approximately 40% of couples who fail to conceive.¹ ‘Male factor infertility’ typically involves an alteration in the number, shape and/or movement of the man’s sperm, all of which can affect the sperm’s ability to fertilise an egg the natural way. ICSI is most commonly used to help overcome these types of sperm-related issues.

ICSI may also sometimes be offered if a woman has very few eggs available (e.g. due to age). In this case, ICSI is used to increase the chances of successful fertilisation, thereby lowering the risk that the woman runs out of eggs before she achieves a successful pregnancy through IVF.

ICSI may also be recommended if one or more previous standard IVF cycles were not successful due to failed fertilisation, or if the reason for cycle failure is unclear but a sperm-related issue is suspected despite a normal semen analysis.²

A checklist for fertile sperm

If your doctor suspects male factor infertility could be affecting your chances of pregnancy, they will usually suggest a semen (sperm) analysis. This is the main method used to test male fertility. During the analysis, a number of different factors that could be affecting your ability to conceive naturally are studied, including:

The volume of semen, which needs to be sufficient to transport sperm into the female reproductive tract
The sperm concentration and total sperm count, which affect the likelihood that enough sperm will reach the egg in order for one to fertilise it
The physical shape of the sperm, as abnormally shaped sperm can have difficulty swimming to the egg or penetrating the egg’s outer layer
The motility of the sperm (i.e. how well it can swim) – if large numbers of sperm in the sample are ‘weak swimmers’, then a natural pregnancy will be more difficult to achieve.

Your specialist might also recommend additional testing for:

Sperm DNA damage or fragmentation: sperm with damaged or fragmented DNA have a reduced chance of fertilising an egg
Sperm antibodies, which if present, can attack and impair sperm function.

Depending on your results, your doctor may then order follow-up tests to make sure the results are accurate and/or to see if anything else is preventing the semen from doing its job.

Once the tests are complete, your specialist will discuss your results with you and explain what your options are, including whether ICSI is likely to increase your chances of successful fertilisation and the overall success of your IVF treatment cycle.

Success rates with ICSI

Because of ICSI, many previously infertile men now have a good chance of fertilising eggs with their sperm. With some couples, pregnancy rates as high as 45% have been achieved with ICSI.³ However, rates this high are not always possible because of other factors, including age and egg quality.

The fertilisation of an egg and its subsequent development into a growing embryo is a complicated process, and there are many reasons why IVF may not be successful, even with the assistance of ICSI. To aid our success rates at Newlife IVF, we:

Ensure an egg is suitable for fertilisation prior to ICSI: Using polarised light microscopy, we assess a structure inside the eggs called a ‘spindle’. We call this ‘egg spindle visualisation’. This allows us to identify if an egg is at a certain stage of development (called metaphase II) and therefore, in optimal condition for fertilisation via ICSI.
Select the healthiest-looking sperm for ICSI: If the genetic information in the sperm has been damaged, or if the sperm is unable to use its DNA correctly, then there is a risk that development of the embryo will fail, even if it has been successfully fertilised via ICSI.⁴ A number of factors can increase this risk, such as smoking and older age.⁵,⁶ It’s not currently possible to know if the sperm we choose for ICSI is completely free of genetic defects. However, by using an advanced imaging system with an extremely high-powered microscope, we are able to study the structure of individual sperm, helping us to select the optimum sperm to inject into an egg. Sometimes, we may also use another technique, called intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI), to help us pick out a healthier sperm based on its shape. A DNA test can also provide us with more details about sperm quality.
Assess the best position to inject the sperm into the egg: Our extremely high-powered microscope also allows us to very precisely inject the selected sperm into the egg, such that we avoid an important structure inside the egg called the spindle. Research has shown that injecting eggs away from the spindle results in higher fertilisation rates and better embryo quality.

Still have questions?

If you are concerned about the possibility of male factor infertility or would like more information about the role of ICSI in an IVF treatment cycle, you can make an appointment with one of our fertility specialists by calling Newlife IVF on (03) 8080 8933. You can also book online via our appointments page.

References

Agerwal A et al. Reprod Biol and Endocrinol. 2015;13:37–46. ↩
Palermo GD et al. Sem Reprod Med. 2015;33:92–102. ↩
Palermo GD et al. Sem Reprod Med. 2009;27:191–201. ↩
Colaco S & Sakkas D. J Assisst Reprod Genet. 2018;35:1953–1968. ↩
García-Ferreyra J et al. Clin Med Insights. Rep Health 2015;9:21–27. ↩
Zini A & Sigman M. J Androl 2009;30:219–229. ↩

As science and technology have progressed, so too have the techniques we can use during embryo transfer to increase the chances of a successful pregnancy. Below we outline the specific techniques we use at Newlife IVF to facilitate success during this part of the IVF cycle.

1. Growing and selecting the best embryo

During IVF, your eggs, sperm, and later embryos, are kept in an incubator. An incubator is a bit like an oven. It maintains a stable environment (including an even temperature), which helps the embryos to grow and develop.

As your embryos grow in the incubator, we observe them very carefully. In the past, this meant repeatedly opening the incubator at regular intervals to get ‘snap-shots’ of their growth – but this also meant that we were constantly disturbing the embryos as they developed.

More recently, advances in technology have led to the development of a special type of incubator called the EmbryoScope time-lapse system. The EmbryoScope has a built-in camera and high-powered microscope, which enables us to automatically capture images of your growing embryos every 10 minutes. Essentially, this means we no longer have to keep opening the ‘oven door’, allowing us to closely monitor the development of your embryos without disturbing them.

The benefits of this are two-fold:

We ensure a stable environment for embryo growth, which contributes to embryo quality, and;
We get a more complete picture of embryo quality, enabling us to select the best embryo for transfer.

In most cases, we will select embryos that are at the ‘blastocyst’ stage of development (around 5 days old). This is roughly the same time that an embryo would normally be in the uterus after a natural conception. Transferring the embryo at this stage (instead of the earlier ‘cleavage’ stage around day 2–4) means the embryo is more mature and has already demonstrated its potential for strong growth. Blastocyst transfer may also reduce the risk of the embryo being expelled from the mother due to altered levels of hormones that can occur after the egg freezing process.

The other benefit of waiting until embryos have reached the day 5–6 cell stage is that we can test them for chromosomal or specific genetic defects prior to transfer using preimplantation genetic testing. These tests are not recommended for everybody but may be advised if you are older, have experienced recurrent miscarriage or multiple failed IVF cycles. In this case, our aim is to screen out any embryos with genetic anomalies that are unlikely to result in an ongoing healthy pregnancy, so that the embryo with the best potential for development can be placed in the womb.

At Newlife IVF, we routinely use the EmbryoScope time-lapse system for all IVF procedures, as part of our standard of care. Patients do not pay more for this technology. It is included in our standard cycle fees.

2. Deciding the optimum number of embryos to transfer

In the past, it was common practice to place two or more embryos in the womb at the same time, with the aim of increasing the chance of success. However, this practice has fallen out of favour due to the likelihood of a multiple pregnancy (e.g. twins or triplets). While this may seem like an ideal way to complete your family in one go, multiple pregnancies actually carry an increased risk of miscarriage and other complications. For this reason, our preferred practice at Newlife IVF is to transfer a single, high-quality embryo. That’s why we put a lot of effort into selecting the right embryo to transfer.

3. Guiding and protecting the embryo during transfer

The way an embryo is transferred into the womb is also critical to its success. We use a thin, flexible tube, called a soft catheter, to guide the embryo and protect it during its journey from the incubator to the womb.

For the best possible odds of an ongoing pregnancy, the embryo also needs to be placed in the correct location within the womb. Every woman’s uterus can vary in shape, so we may sometimes conduct a ‘mock embryo transfer’ before the actual procedure to determine the location and transfer technique that will give the best chance of success.

During the transfer, we use ultrasound imaging (the same technology used to view a baby in the womb) to provide us with real-time information about the catheter’s location, enabling highly accurate placement of the embryo in the womb.

4. Helping the embryo to implant in the wall of the womb

Once the embryo has been placed in your womb, it must attach to the wall of the uterus in a process called implantation before it becomes a viable pregnancy.

To improve the likelihood that the embryo implants, we place the embryo in a special substance called EmbryoGlue before we transfer it. EmbryoGlue was developed following the discovery that certain compounds that occur naturally in the body may help the embryo to attach to the wall of the uterus.

A major component of EmbryoGlue, hyaluronan, is normally found in the uterus and has chemical properties that increase cell viscosity. This is thought to assist the embryo to attach to the wall of the womb, increasing the chances of implantation and a successful pregnancy.

We aim to optimise every step in the treatment cycle

By employing advanced scientific techniques like these at every step in the IVF cycle, we aim to give our patients a better chance of achieving a successful pregnancy sooner.

If you would like advice specific to your circumstances or a second opinion, you can make an appointment with one of our fertility specialists by calling Newlife IVF on (03) 8080 8933 or by booking online. This appointment does not need to be about IVF specifically – there are many different ways we can assist with conception depending on your fertility needs.

My doctor says we need ICSI – how will this improve our chances of a successful IVF cycle?